BMJ 2001;322:949-953 ( 21 April )

Papers

Early growth and coronary heart disease in later life: longitudinal study

J G Eriksson, senior researcher, a T Forsén, research fellow, a J Tuomilehto, professor, a C Osmond, statistician, b D J P Barker, director. b

a National Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Diabetes and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland, b MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit (University of Southampton), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton S016 6YD

Correspondence to: J G Eriksson johan.eriksson{at}ktl.fi

Objective: To determine how growth during infancy and childhood modifies the increased risk of coronary heart disease associated with small body size at birth.
Design: Longitudinal study.
Setting: Helsinki, Finland.
Subjects: 4630 men who were born in the Helsinki University Hospital during 1934-44 and who attended child welfare clinics in the city. Each man had on average 18.0 (SD 9.5) measurements of height and weight between birth and age 12 years.
Main outcome measures: Hospital admission or death from coronary heart disease.
Results: Low birth weight and low ponderal index (birth weight/length3) were associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Low height, weight, and body mass index (weight/height2) at age 1 year also increased the risk. Hazard ratios fell progressively from 1.83 (95% confidence interval 1.28 to 2.60) in men whose body mass index at age 1 year was below 16 kg/m2 to 1.00 in those whose body mass index was >19 (P for trend=0.0004). After age 1 year, rapid gain in weight and body mass index increased the risk of coronary heart disease. This effect was confined, however, to men with a ponderal index <26 at birth. In these men the hazard ratio associated with a one unit increase in standard deviation score for body mass index between ages 1 and 12 years was 1.27 (1.10 to 1.47; P=0.001).
Conclusion: Irrespective of size at birth, low weight gain during infancy is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. After age 1 year, rapid weight gain is associated with further increase in risk, but only among boys who were thin at birth. In these boys the adverse effects of rapid weight gain on later coronary heart disease are already apparent at age 3 years. Improvements in fetal, infant, and child growth could lead to substantial reductions in the incidence of coronary heart disease.


What is already known on this topic
Coronary heart disease is associated with low birth weight

One study has shown that irrespective of size at birth, low weight gain in infancy is also associated with increased risk of the disease among men

Rapid weight gain after age 6 years is associated with further increase in risk

What this study adds
The association with low weight gain in infancy is confirmed

The adverse effects of rapid childhood weight gain on risk of coronary heart disease are already apparent at age 3 years and occur only in boys who were thin at birth



© BMJ 2001
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to StumbleUpon StumbleUpon   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?

Relevant Articles

The fetal origins hypothesis—10 years on
Johan G Eriksson
BMJ 2005 330: 1096-1097. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Longitudinal study of birth weight and adult body mass index in predicting risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women
Janet W Rich-Edwards, Ken Kleinman, Karin B Michels, Meir J Stampfer, JoAnn E Manson, Kathryn M Rexrode, Eileen N Hibert, and Walter C Willett
BMJ 2005 330: 1115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Early growth and coronary heart disease in later life
T J Cole, M Fewtrell, A Lucas, C Osmond, D J P Barker, J G Eriksson, and T Forsén
BMJ 2001 323: 572. [Extract] [Full Text]

Rapid childhood weight gain increases risk of heart disease in boys thin at birth
BMJ 2001 322: 0. [Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Corvalan, C., Uauy, R., Stein, A. D, Kain, J., Martorell, R. (2009). Effect of growth on cardiometabolic status at 4 y of age. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 90: 547-555 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Torrens, C., Snelling, T. H., Chau, R., Shanmuganathan, M., Cleal, J. K., Poore, K. R., Noakes, D. E., Poston, L., Hanson, M. A., Green, L. R. (2009). Effects of pre- and periconceptional undernutrition on arterial function in adult female sheep are vascular bed dependent. Exp Physiol 94: 1024-1033 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Risnes, K. R, Nilsen, T. I L, Romundstad, P. R, Vatten, L. J (2009). Head size at birth and long-term mortality from coronary heart disease. Int J Epidemiol 38: 955-962 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Leunissen, R. W. J., Kerkhof, G. F., Stijnen, T., Hokken-Koelega, A. (2009). Timing and Tempo of First-Year Rapid Growth in Relation to Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Profile in Early Adulthood. JAMA 301: 2234-2242 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W. T., McEwen, B. S. (2009). Neuroscience, Molecular Biology, and the Childhood Roots of Health Disparities: Building a New Framework for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. JAMA 301: 2252-2259 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Horta, B. L, Gigante, D. P, Osmond, C., Barros, F. C, Victora, C. G (2009). Intergenerational effect of weight gain in childhood on offspring birthweight. Int J Epidemiol 38: 724-732 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Atkinson, S. A (2009). Introduction to the workshop. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89: 1485S-1487S [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Field, C. J (2009). Summary of the workshop. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89: 1533S-1539S [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Wang, Z., Huang, Z., Lu, G., Lin, L., Ferrari, M. (2009). Hypoxia during pregnancy in rats leads to early morphological changes of atherosclerosis in adult offspring. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 296: H1321-H1328 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • van der Kaay, D., Deal, C., de Kort, S., Willemsen, R., Leunissen, R., Ester, W., Paquette, J., van Doorn, J., Hokken-Koelega, A. (2009). Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-1: Serum Levels, Promoter Polymorphism, and Associations with Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Short Subjects Born Small for Gestational Age. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94: 1386-1392 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Kajantie, E., Eriksson, J. G., Osmond, C., Thornburg, K., Barker, D. J.P. (2009). Pre-Eclampsia Is Associated With Increased Risk of Stroke in the Adult Offspring: The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Stroke 40: 1176-1180 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Burrage, D. M., Braddick, L., Cleal, J. K., Costello, P., Noakes, D. E., Hanson, M. A., Green, L. R. (2009). The late gestation fetal cardiovascular response to hypoglycaemia is modified by prior peri-implantation undernutrition in sheep. J. Physiol. 587: 611-624 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Bagby, S. P. (2009). Developmental Origins of Renal Disease: Should Nephron Protection Begin at Birth?. CJASN 4: 10-13 [Full text]  
  • Cohen, G., Vella, S., Jeffery, H., Lagercrantz, H., Katz-Salamon, M. (2008). Cardiovascular Stress Hyperreactivity in Babies of Smokers and in Babies Born Preterm. Circulation 118: 1848-1853 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Aagaard-Tillery, K. M, Grove, K., Bishop, J., Ke, X., Fu, Q., McKnight, R., Lane, R. H (2008). Developmental origins of disease and determinants of chromatin structure: maternal diet modifies the primate fetal epigenome. J Mol Endocrinol 41: 91-102 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Rotteveel, J., van Weissenbruch, M. M., Twisk, J. W. R., Delemarre-Van de Waal, H. A. (2008). Infant and Childhood Growth Patterns, Insulin Sensitivity, and Blood Pressure in Prematurely Born Young Adults. Pediatrics 122: 313-321 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Fraser, A., Hughes, R., McCarthy, A., Tilling, K., Davies, D., Rumley, A., Lowe, G. D. O., Davey Smith, G., Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2008). Early Life Growth and Hemostatic Factors: The Barry Caerphilly Growth Study. Am J Epidemiol 168: 179-187 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Monaghan, P. (2008). Early growth conditions, phenotypic development and environmental change. Phil Trans R Soc B 363: 1635-1645 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Karaolis-Danckert, N., Buyken, A. E, Kulig, M., Kroke, A., Forster, J., Kamin, W., Schuster, A., Hornberg, C., Keil, T., Bergmann, R. L, Wahn, U., Lau, S. (2008). How pre- and postnatal risk factors modify the effect of rapid weight gain in infancy and early childhood on subsequent fat mass development: results from the Multicenter Allergy Study 90. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 1356-1364 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Tzoulaki, I., Jarvelin, M.-R., Hartikainen, A.-L., Leinonen, M., Pouta, A., Paldanius, M., Ruokonen, A., Canoy, D., Sovio, U., Saikku, P., Elliott, P. (2008). Size at birth, weight gain over the life course, and low-grade inflammation in young adulthood: northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study. Eur Heart J 0: ehn105v1-8 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Kajantie, E., Barker, D. J P, Osmond, C., Forsen, T., Eriksson, J. G (2008). Growth before 2 years of age and serum lipids 60 years later: The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 37: 280-289 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Patel, K. C., Minhas, R., Lincoln, P., Dhillon, R. K (2008). Strategic challenges in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. JRSM 101: 105-107 [Full text]  
  • Bracewell, M A, Hennessy, E M, Wolke, D, Marlow, N (2008). The EPICure study: growth and blood pressure at 6 years of age following extremely preterm birth. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 93: F108-F114 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Kanade, A.N., Rao, S., Kelkar, R.S., Gupte, S. (2008). Maternal Nutrition and Birth Size among Urban Affluent and Rural Women in India. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 27: 137-145 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Vikse, B. E., Irgens, L. M., Leivestad, T., Hallan, S., Iversen, B. M. (2008). Low Birth Weight Increases Risk for End-Stage Renal Disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19: 151-157 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Baker, J. L., Olsen, L. W., Sorensen, T. I.A. (2007). Childhood Body-Mass Index and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Adulthood. NEJM 357: 2329-2337 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Karaolis-Danckert, N., Gunther, A. L., Kroke, A., Hornberg, C., Buyken, A. E (2007). How early dietary factors modify the effect of rapid weight gain in infancy on subsequent body-composition development in term children whose birth weight was appropriate for gestational age. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 1700-1708 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Batty, G D., Smith, G. D., Fall, C. H D, Sayer, A. A., Dennison, E., Cooper, C., Gale, C. R (2007). Association of diarrhoea in childhood with blood pressure and coronary heart disease in older age: analyses of two UK cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol 36: 1349-1355 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Chakraborty, S., Joseph, D. V., Bankart, M. J. G., Petersen, S. A, Wailoo, M. P (2007). Fetal growth restriction: relation to growth and obesity at the age of 9 years. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 92: F479-F483 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Glymour, M. M., Avendano, M., Berkman, L. F. (2007). Is the 'Stroke Belt' Worn From Childhood?: Risk of First Stroke and State of Residence in Childhood and Adulthood. Stroke 38: 2415-2421 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Barker, D. J.P., Osmond, C., Forsen, T. J., Kajantie, E., Eriksson, J. G. (2007). Maternal and Social Origins of Hypertension. Hypertension 50: 565-571 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Heckman, J. J. (2007). Economics of Health and Mortality Special Feature: The economics, technology, and neuroscience of human capability formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 13250-13255 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Rogacheva, A., Laatikainen, T., Tossavainen, K., Vlasoff, T., Panteleev, V., Vartiainen, E. (2007). Changes in cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents from 1995 to 2004 in the Republic of Karelia, Russia. Eur J Public Health 17: 257-262 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Bagby, S. P. (2007). Developmental Hypertension, Nephrogenesis, and Mother's Milk: Programming the Neonate. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18: 1626-1629 [Full text]  
  • Erhuma, A., Salter, A. M., Sculley, D. V., Langley-Evans, S. C., Bennett, A. J. (2007). Prenatal exposure to a low-protein diet programs disordered regulation of lipid metabolism in the aging rat. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 292: E1702-E1714 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Cleal, J. K., Poore, K. R., Boullin, J. P., Khan, O., Chau, R., Hambidge, O., Torrens, C., Newman, J. P., Poston, L., Noakes, D. E., Hanson, M. A., Green, L. R. (2007). Mismatched pre- and postnatal nutrition leads to cardiovascular dysfunction and altered renal function in adulthood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 9529-9533 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Huxley, R., Owen, C. G, Whincup, P. H, Cook, D. G, Rich-Edwards, J., Smith, G. D., Collins, R. (2007). Is birth weight a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in later life?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 1244-1250 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Mohn, A., Chiavaroli, V., Cerruto, M., Blasetti, A., Giannini, C., Bucciarelli, T., Chiarelli, F. (2007). Increased Oxidative Stress in Prepubertal Children Born Small for Gestational Age. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 1372-1378 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Eriksson, J. G. (2007). Gene Polymorphisms, Size at Birth, and the Development of Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes. J. Nutr. 137: 1063-1065 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Hershkovitz, D., Burbea, Z., Skorecki, K., Brenner, B. M. (2007). Fetal Programming of Adult Kidney Disease: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. CJASN 2: 334-342 [Full text]  
  • Heird, W. C. (2007). Progress in Promoting Breast-Feeding, Combating Malnutrition, and Composition and Use of Infant Formula, 1981-2006. J. Nutr. 137: 499S-502S [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Osmond, C., Kajantie, E., Forsen, T. J., Eriksson, J. G., Barker, D. J.P. (2007). Infant Growth and Stroke in Adult Life: The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Stroke 38: 264-270 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Singhal, A., Cole, T. J., Fewtrell, M., Kennedy, K., Stephenson, T., Elias-Jones, A., Lucas, A. (2007). Promotion of Faster Weight Gain in Infants Born Small for Gestational Age: Is There an Adverse Effect on Later Blood Pressure?. Circulation 115: 213-220 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Karaolis-Danckert, N., Buyken, A. E, Bolzenius, K., Perim de Faria, C., Lentze, M. J, Kroke, A. (2006). Rapid growth among term children whose birth weight was appropriate for gestational age has a longer lasting effect on body fat percentage than on body mass index. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84: 1449-1455 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Kajantie, E., Phillips, D. I. W., Osmond, C., Barker, D. J. P., Forsen, T., Eriksson, J. G. (2006). Spontaneous Hypothyroidism in Adult Women Is Predicted by Small Body Size at Birth and during Childhood. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 4953-4956 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Fisher, D., Baird, J., Payne, L., Lucas, P., Kleijnen, J., Roberts, H., Law, C. (2006). Are infant size and growth related to burden of disease in adulthood? A systematic review of literature. Int J Epidemiol 35: 1196-1210 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Casey, P. H., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Barrett, K., Bradley, R. H., Gargus, R. (2006). Impact of Prenatal and/or Postnatal Growth Problems in Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants on School-Age Outcomes: An 8-Year Longitudinal Evaluation. Pediatrics 118: 1078-1086 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Fernandez-Twinn, D. S., Ekizoglou, S., Wayman, A., Petry, C. J., Ozanne, S. E. (2006). Maternal low-protein diet programs cardiac beta-adrenergic response and signaling in 3-mo-old male offspring. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 291: R429-R436 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Robinson, S. M, Batelaan, S. F, Syddall, H. E, Sayer, A. A., Dennison, E. M, Martin, H. J, Barker, D. J, Cooper, C., the Hertfordshire Cohort Study Group, (2006). Combined effects of dietary fat and birth weight on serum cholesterol concentrations: the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84: 237-244 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Wong, R., Pelaez, M., Palloni, A., Markides, K. (2006). Survey Data for the Study of Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean: Selected Studies. J Aging Health 18: 157-179 [Abstract]  
  • Jiang, B., Godfrey, K. M., Martyn, C. N., Gale, C. R. (2006). Birth Weight and Cardiac Structure in Children. Pediatrics 117: e257-e261 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Gnanalingham, M. G., Mostyn, A., Symonds, M. E., Stephenson, T. (2005). Ontogeny and nutritional programming of adiposity in sheep: potential role of glucocorticoid action and uncoupling protein-2. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 289: R1407-R1415 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Barker, D. J., Osmond, C., Forsen, T. J., Kajantie, E., Eriksson, J. G. (2005). Trajectories of growth among children who have coronary events as adults.. NEJM 353: 1802-1809 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Gallagher, E. A. L, Newman, J. P, Green, L. R, Hanson, M. A (2005). The effect of low protein diet in pregnancy on the development of brain metabolism in rat offspring. J. Physiol. 568: 553-558 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Lawlor, D. A., Ronalds, G., Clark, H., Davey Smith, G., Leon, D. A. (2005). Birth Weight Is Inversely Associated With Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke Among Individuals Born in the 1950s: Findings From the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Prospective Cohort Study. Circulation 112: 1414-1418 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Barker, D. J.P., Bagby, S. P. (2005). Developmental Antecedents of Cardiovascular Disease: A Historical Perspective. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16: 2537-2544 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Sachdev, H. S, Fall, C. H., Osmond, C., Lakshmy, R., Dey Biswas, S. K, Leary, S. D, Reddy, K. S., Barker, D. J., Bhargava, S. K (2005). Anthropometric indicators of body composition in young adults: relation to size at birth and serial measurements of body mass index in childhood in the New Delhi birth cohort. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82: 456-466 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Barrenas, M.-L., Jonsson, B., Tuvemo, T., Hellstrom, P.-A., Lundgren, M. (2005). High Risk of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Men Born Small for Gestational Age with and without Obesity or Height Catch-Up Growth: A Prospective Longitudinal Register Study on Birth Size in 245,000 Swedish Conscripts. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 4452-4456 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Shaikh, S, Bloomfield, F H, Bauer, M K, Phua, H H, Gilmour, R S, Harding, J E (2005). Amniotic IGF-I supplementation of growth-restricted fetal sheep alters IGF-I and IGF receptor type 1 mRNA and protein levels in placental and fetal tissues. J Endocrinol 186: 145-155 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Khan, O. A., Chau, R., Bertram, C., Hanson, M. A., Ohri, S. K. (2005). Fetal origins of coronary heart disease--implications for cardiothoracic surgery?. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 27: 1036-1042 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Syddall, H. E., Sayer, A. A., Simmonds, S. J., Osmond, C., Cox, V., Dennison, E. M., Barker, D. J. P., Cooper, C. (2005). Birth Weight, Infant Weight Gain, and Cause-specific Mortality: The Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 161: 1074-1080 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Kajantie, E., Osmond, C., Barker, D. J., Forsen, T., Phillips, D. I., Eriksson, J. G (2005). Size at birth as a predictor of mortality in adulthood: a follow-up of 350 000 person-years. Int J Epidemiol 34: 655-663 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Eriksson, J. G (2005). The fetal origins hypothesis--10 years on. BMJ 330: 1096-1097 [Full text]  
  • Rich-Edwards, J. W, Kleinman, K., Michels, K. B, Stampfer, M. J, Manson, J. E, Rexrode, K. M, Hibert, E. N, Willett, W. C (2005). Longitudinal study of birth weight and adult body mass index in predicting risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women. BMJ 330: 1115- [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Lawlor, D. A., Leon, D. A. (2005). Association of Body Mass Index and Obesity Measured in Early Childhood With Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in Middle Age: Findings From the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Prospective Cohort Study. Circulation 111: 1891-1896 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Stettler, N., Stallings, V. A., Troxel, A. B., Zhao, J., Schinnar, R., Nelson, S. E., Ziegler, E. E., Strom, B. L. (2005). Weight Gain in the First Week of Life and Overweight in Adulthood: A Cohort Study of European American Subjects Fed Infant Formula. Circulation 111: 1897-1903 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Gluckman, P. D, Hanson, M. A, Spencer, H. G, Bateson, P. (2005). Environmental influences during development and their later consequences for health and disease: implications for the interpretation of empirical studies. Proc R Soc B 272: 671-677 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Cettour-Rose, P., Samec, S., Russell, A. P., Summermatter, S., Mainieri, D., Carrillo-Theander, C., Montani, J.-P., Seydoux, J., Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F., Dulloo, A. G. (2005). Redistribution of Glucose From Skeletal Muscle to Adipose Tissue During Catch-Up Fat: A Link Between Catch-Up Growth and Later Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes 54: 751-756 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Neville, K A, Walker, J L (2005). Precocious pubarche is associated with SGA, prematurity, weight gain, and obesity. Arch. Dis. Child. 90: 258-261 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Barker, D J P, Eriksson, J G, Forsen, T, Osmond, C (2005). Infant growth and income 50 years later. Arch. Dis. Child. 90: 272-273 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Schooling, M., Leung, G. M, Janus, E. D, Ho, S. Y., Hedley, A. J, Lam, T. H. (2004). Childhood migration and cardiovascular risk. Int J Epidemiol 33: 1219-1226 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Barker, D.J.P. (2004). The Developmental Origins of Adult Disease. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 23: 588S-595S [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A. (2004). Living with the Past: Evolution, Development, and Patterns of Disease. Science 305: 1733-1736 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Hoppe, C., Rovenna Udam, T., Lauritzen, L., Molgaard, C., Juul, A., Fleischer Michaelsen, K. (2004). Animal protein intake, serum insulin-like growth factor I, and growth in healthy 2.5-y-old Danish children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80: 447-452 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • James, R. J. A., Drewett, R. F., Cheetham, T. D. (2004). Low Cord Ghrelin Levels in Term Infants Are Associated with Slow Weight Gain Over the First 3 Months of Life. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89: 3847-3850 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Galobardes, B., Lynch, J. W., Davey Smith, G. (2004). Childhood Socioeconomic Circumstances and Cause-specific Mortality in Adulthood: Systematic Review and Interpretation. Epidemiol Rev 26: 7-21 [Full text]  
  • Fowden, A L, Forhead, A J (2004). Endocrine mechanisms of intrauterine programming. Reproduction 127: 515-526 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Conlisk, A. J., Barnhart, H. X., Martorell, R., Grajeda, R., Stein, A. D. (2004). Maternal and Child Nutritional Supplementation Are Inversely Associated with Fasting Plasma Glucose Concentration in Young Guatemalan Adults. J. Nutr. 134: 890-897 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Hoppe, C., Molgaard, C., Thomsen, B. L., Juul, A., Michaelsen, K. F. (2004). Protein intake at 9 mo of age is associated with body size but not with body fat in 10-y-old Danish children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79: 494-501 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Lawlor, D A, Davey Smith, G, Ebrahim, S (2004). Birth weight is inversely associated with coronary heart disease in post-menopausal women: findings from the British women's heart and health study. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 58: 120-125 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Andersen, A.-M. N., Osler, M. (2004). Birth dimensions, parental mortality, and mortality in early adult age: a cohort study of Danish men born in 1953. Int J Epidemiol 33: 92-99 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Maloni, J. A., Alexander, G. R., Schluchter, M. D., Shah, D. M., Park, S. (2004). Antepartum Bed Rest: Maternal Weight Change and Infant Birth Weight. Biol Res Nurs 5: 177-186 [Abstract]  
  • Forsen, T, Osmond, C, Eriksson, J G, Barker, D J P (2004). Growth of girls who later develop coronary heart disease. Heart 90: 20-24 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Cole, T. J. (2004). Modeling Postnatal Exposures and Their Interactions with Birth Size. J. Nutr. 134: 201-204 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Raphael, D. (2003). Barriers to addressing the societal determinants of health: public health units and poverty in Ontario, Canada. HEALTH PROMOT INT 18: 397-405 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Eriksson, J. G., Forsen, T. J., Osmond, C., Barker, D. J.P. (2003). Pathways of Infant and Childhood Growth That Lead to Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 26: 3006-3010 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Kuh, D, Ben-Shlomo, Y, Lynch, J, Hallqvist, J, Power, C (2003). Life course epidemiology. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 57: 778-783 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Poole, J, Sayer, A A, Cox, V, Cooper, C, Kuh, D, Hardy, R, Wadsworth, M, Haara, M M (2003). Birth weight, osteoarthritis of the hand, and cardiovascular disease in men. Ann Rheum Dis 62: 1029-1029 [Full text]  
  • Armstrong, J, Dorosty, A R, Reilly, J J, Child Health Information Team, , Emmett, P M (2003). Coexistence of social inequalities in undernutrition and obesity in preschool children: population based cross sectional study. Arch. Dis. Child. 88: 671-675 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Liu, P. Y., Death, A. K., Handelsman, D. J. (2003). Androgens and Cardiovascular Disease. Endocr. Rev. 24: 313-340 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Foote, K D, Marriott, L D (2003). Weaning of infants. Arch. Dis. Child. 88: 488-492 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • van Hanswijck de Jonge, L., Waller, G., Stettler, N. (2003). Ethnicity Modifies Seasonal Variations in Birth Weight and Weight Gain of Infants. J. Nutr. 133: 1415-1418 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Horta, B L, Barros, F C, Victora, C G, Cole, T J (2003). Early and late growth and blood pressure in adolescence. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 57: 226-230 [Abstract] [Full text]  

Rapid Responses:

Read all Rapid Responses

GH- and Insulin-dependent micro- and macro-vascular reactions in healthy and diseased people.
Sergio Stagnaro
bmj.com, 24 Apr 2001 [Full text]
Do unweaned males get coronary disease?
Jeffrey J Segall
bmj.com, 3 May 2001 [Full text]
Access jobs at BMJ Careers
Whats new online at Student BMJ