Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study

doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7240.967

BMJ 2000;320:967-971 ( 8 April )

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Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study

Ken K L Ong, Medical Research Council clinical research fellow, ^a Marion L Ahmed, research assistant, ^a Pauline M Emmett, senior research nutritionist, ^b Michael A Preece, professor of child health and growth, ^c David B Dunger, professor in paediatric endocrinology, ^a the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood Study Team.

^a Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, ^b Unit of Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, ^c Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1AH

Correspondence to: D B Dunger dbd25{at}cam.ac.uk

Objective: To identify predictors of postnatal catch-upgrowth from birth to two years and its relation to size and obesityat fiveyears.
Design: Regional prospective cohortstudy.
Setting: Avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood,UnitedKingdom.
Subjects: 848 full term singletons from a 10% randomsample of the Avon longitudinal study of pregnancy andchildhood.
Main outcome measures: Maternal birth weight, prepregnancy weight,pregnancy weight gain, height, smoking, and parity, and paternalheight. Weight and length of infants at birth, two years, andfive years expressed as standard deviation (SD) scores from theUK reference scores for 1990. Percentage fat mass and total fatmass (estimated from skinfolds) and waist circumference at fiveyears.
Results: Size at birth was representative of the nationalreference. Overall, 30.7% (260 of 848) of infants showed a gainin SD score for weight greater than 0.67 SD scores between zeroand two years, indicating clinically significant catch-up growth.These children had lower weight, length, and ponderal index atbirth than other children, and were more often from primiparouspregnancies. They also had taller fathers than other children,and their mothers had lower birth weights and were more likelyto smoke during pregnancy. Children who showed catch-up growthbetween zero and two years were heavier, taller, and fatter (bodymass index, percentage body fat, and waist circumference) at fiveyears than otherchildren.
Conclusions: In this contemporary well nourished cohort,catch-up growth was predicted by factors relating to intrauterinerestraint of fetal growth. Children who showed catch-up growthbetween zero and two years were fatter and had more central fatdistribution at five years than other children. Mechanisms thatsignal and regulate early catch-up growth in the postnatal periodmay influence associations between small size at birth and risksfor disease inadulthood.

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Jimenez-Cruz, A., Bacardi-Gascon, M. (2004). The Fattening Burden of Type 2 Diabetes on Mexicans: Projections from early growth to adulthood. Diabetes Care 27: 1213-1215 [Full text]
Toschke, A. M., Grote, V., Koletzko, B., von Kries, R. (2004). Identifying Children at High Risk for Overweight at School Entry by Weight Gain During the First 2 Years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158: 449-452 [Abstract] [Full text]
Ma, G., Yao, M., Liu, Y., Lin, A., Zou, H., Urlando, A., Wong, W. W, Nommsen-Rivers, L., Dewey, K. G (2004). Validation of a new pediatric air-displacement plethysmograph for assessing body composition in infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79: 653-660 [Abstract] [Full text]
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Bazaes, R. A., Alegria, A., Pittaluga, E., Avila, A., Iniguez, G., Mericq, V. (2004). Determinants of Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Children. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89: 1267-1272 [Abstract] [Full text]
Cianfarani, S., Martinez, C., Maiorana, A., Scire, G., Spadoni, G. L., Boemi, S. (2004). Adiponectin Levels Are Reduced in Children Born Small for Gestational Age and Are Inversely Related to Postnatal Catch-Up Growth. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89: 1346-1351 [Abstract] [Full text]
Manikkam, M., Crespi, E. J., Doop, D. D., Herkimer, C., Lee, J. S., Yu, S., Brown, M. B., Foster, D. L., Padmanabhan, V. (2004). Fetal Programming: Prenatal Testosterone Excess Leads to Fetal Growth Retardation and Postnatal Catch-Up Growth in Sheep. Endocrinology 145: 790-798 [Abstract] [Full text]