Papers

Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures

^a Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care, Box 16158, S-10324 Stockholm, Sweden, ^b Department of Orthopaedics, Malmo General Hospital, S-21401 Malmo, Sweden, ^c Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nordic School of Public Health, Box 12133, S-40242 Gothenburg, Sweden

Correspondence to: Professor Wedel.

Abstract

Objective: To determine the ability of measurements of bone density in women to predict later fractures.
Design: Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies published between 1985 and end of 1994 with a baseline measurement of bone density in women and subsequent follow up for fractures. For comparative purposes, we also reviewed case control studies of hip fractures published between 1990 and 1994.
Subjects: Eleven separate study populations with about 90000 person years of observation time and over 2000 fractures.
Main outcome measures: Relative risk of fracture for a decrease in bone mineral density of one standard deviation below age adjusted mean.
Results: All measuring sites had similar predictive abilities (relative risk 1.5 (95% confidence interval 1.4 to 1.6)) for decrease in bone mineral density except for measurement at spine for predicting vertebral fractures (relative risk 2.3 (1.9 to 2.8)) and measurement at hip for hip fractures (2.6 (2.0 to 3.5)). These results are in accordance with results of case-control studies. Predictive ability of decrease in bone mass was roughly similar to (or, for hip or spine measurements, better than) that of a 1 SD increase in blood pressure for stroke and better than a 1 SD increase in serum cholesterol concentration for cardiovascular disease.
Conclusions: Measurements of bone mineral density can predict fracture risk but cannot identify individuals who will have a fracture. We do not recommend a programme of screening menopausal women for osteoporosis by measuring bone density.

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

Related Articles

Drugs for pre-osteoporosis: prevention or disease mongering?

Pablo Alonso-Coello, Alberto López García-Franco, Gordon Guyatt, and Ray Moynihan
BMJ 2008 336: 126-129. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in healthy children: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Tania Winzenberg, Kelly Shaw, Jayne Fryer, and Graeme Jones
BMJ 2006 333: 775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Changing perceptions in osteoporosis

C W McGrother, M M K Donaldson, David J Torgerson, Nelson B Watts, Paul D Miller, and Terence J Wilkin
BMJ 1999 319: 1371. [Extract] [Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Wong, S C, Khanna, S, Rashid, R, Ahmed, S F (2008). Auditing bone densitometry and fractures in children with chronic disease. Arch. Dis. Child. 93: 705-707 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Meyer, H. E., Sogaard, A. J., Falch, J. A., Jorgensen, L., Emaus, N. (2008). Weight Change over Three Decades and the Risk of Osteoporosis in Men: The Norwegian Epidemiological Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS). Am J Epidemiol 0: kwn151v1-kwn151 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Chen, J. S., Simpson, J. M., March, L. M., Cameron, I. D., Cumming, R. G., Lord, S. R., Seibel, M. J., Sambrook, P. N. (2008). Fracture risk assessment in frail older people using clinical risk factors. Age Ageing 0: afn128v1-afn128 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Cadarette, S. M., Katz, J. N., Brookhart, M. A., Sturmer, T., Stedman, M. R., Solomon, D. H. (2008). Relative Effectiveness of Osteoporosis Drugs for Preventing Nonvertebral Fracture. ANN INTERN MED 148: 637-646 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Olney, R. C., Mazur, J. M., Pike, L. M., Froyen, M. K., Ramirez-Garnica, G., Loveless, E. A., Mandel, D. M., Hahn, G. A., Neal, K. M., Cummings, R. J. (2008). Healthy Children With Frequent Fractures: How Much Evaluation Is Needed?. Pediatrics 121: 890-897 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Hadji, P., Body, J.-J., Aapro, M. S., Brufsky, A., Coleman, R. E., Guise, T., Lipton, A., Tubiana-Hulin, M. (2008). Practical guidance for the management of aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss. Ann Oncol 0: mdn164v1-mdn164 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Finkelstein, J. S., Brockwell, S. E., Mehta, V., Greendale, G. A., Sowers, M. R., Ettinger, B., Lo, J. C., Johnston, J. M., Cauley, J. A., Danielson, M. E., Neer, R. M. (2008). Bone Mineral Density Changes during the Menopause Transition in a Multiethnic Cohort of Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93: 861-868 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• LaFleur, J., McAdam-Marx, C., Kirkness, C., Brixner, D. I (2008). Clinical Risk Factors for Fracture in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women: A Review of the Recent Literature. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 42: 375-386 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• MacLaughlin, E. J., Raehl, C. L. (2008). ASHP Therapeutic Position Statement on the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Adults. Am J Health Syst Pharm 65: 343-357 [Full text]  
• Forsmo, S., Fjeldbo, S. K., Langhammer, A. (2008). Childhood Cod Liver Oil Consumption and Bone Mineral Density in a Population-based Cohort of Peri- and Postmenopausal Women: The Nord-Trondelag Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 167: 406-411 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Alonso-Coello, P., Garcia-Franco, A. L., Guyatt, G., Moynihan, R. (2008). Drugs for pre-osteoporosis: prevention or disease mongering?. BMJ 336: 126-129 [Full text]  
• Hodgson, J. M, Devine, A., Burke, V., Dick, I. M, Prince, R. L (2008). Chocolate consumption and bone density in older women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 175-180 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Tauchmanova, L., Colao, A., Lombardi, G., Rotoli, B., Selleri, C. (2007). REVIEW: Bone Loss and Its Management in Long-Term Survivors from Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 4536-4545 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Khosla, S. (2007). High-Trauma Fractures and Bone Mineral Density. JAMA 298: 2418-2419 [Full text]  
• SILVERMAN, S. L. (2007). Selecting Patients for Osteoporosis Therapy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1117: 264-272 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Herndon, M. B., Schwartz, L. M., Woloshin, S., Welch, H. G. (2007). Implications Of Expanding Disease Definitions: The Case Of Osteoporosis. Health Aff (Millwood) 26: 1702-1711 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Gnudi, S, Sitta, E, Fiumi, N (2007). Bone density and geometry in assessing hip fracture risk in post-menopausal women. Br. J. Radiol. 80: 893-897 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Devine, A., Hodgson, J. M, Dick, I. M, Prince, R. L (2007). Tea drinking is associated with benefits on bone density in older women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 1243-1247 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Cranney, A. MD MSc, Jamal, S. A. MD PhD, Tsang, J. F. BSc, Josse, R. G. MB BS, Leslie, W. D. MD MSc (2007). Low bone mineral density and fracture burden in postmenopausal women. CMAJ 177: 575-580 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• (2007). Assessing Fracture Risk in Individual Patients. JWatch Women's Health 2007: 1-1 [Full text]  
• Leslie, W. D., Lix, L. M., Tsang, J. F., Caetano, P. A., for the Manitoba Bone Density Program, (2007). Single-Site vs Multisite Bone Density Measurement for Fracture Prediction. Arch Intern Med 167: 1641-1647 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Lilleby, V. (2007). Review: Bone status in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 16: 580-586 [Abstract]  
• Bruyere, O., Roux, C., Detilleux, J., Slosman, D. O., Spector, T. D., Fardellone, P., Brixen, K., Devogelaer, J.-P., Diaz-Curiel, M., Albanese, C., Kaufman, J.-M., Pors-Nielsen, S., Reginster, J.-Y. (2007). Relationship between Bone Mineral Density Changes and Fracture Risk Reduction in Patients Treated with Strontium Ranelate. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 3076-3081 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Blake, G. M, Fogelman, I. (2007). The role of DXA bone density scans in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Postgrad. Med. J. 83: 509-517 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Jorgensen, L., Jenssen, T., Ahmed, L., Bjornerem, A., Joakimsen, R., Jacobsen, B. K. (2007). Albuminuria and Risk of Nonvertebral Fractures. Arch Intern Med 167: 1379-1385 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Bjornerem, A., Ahmed, L. A., Joakimsen, R. M., Berntsen, G. K R., Fonnebo, V., Jorgensen, L., Oian, P., Seeman, E., Straume, B. (2007). A prospective study of sex steroids, sex hormone-binding globulin, and non-vertebral fractures in women and men: the Tromso Study. Eur J Endocrinol 157: 119-125 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Roux, C., Briot, K., Horlait, S., Varbanov, A., Watts, N. B, Boonen, S. (2007). Assessment of non-vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Ann Rheum Dis 66: 931-935 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Lata, P. F., Elliott, M. E. (2007). Patient Assessment in the Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Nutr Clin Pract 22: 261-275 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Khosla, S., Melton, L. J. III (2007). Osteopenia. NEJM 356: 2293-2300 [Full text]  
• van Gool, S. A., Kamp, G. A., Visser-van Balen, H., Mul, D., Waelkens, J. J. J., Jansen, M., Verhoeven-Wind, L., Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A., de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, S. M. P. F., Leusink, G., Roos, J. C., Wit, J. M. (2007). Final Height Outcome after Three Years of Growth Hormone and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Treatment in Short Adolescents with Relatively Early Puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 1402-1408 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Brufsky, A., Harker, W. G., Beck, J. T., Carroll, R., Tan-Chiu, E., Seidler, C., Hohneker, J., Lacerna, L., Petrone, S., Perez, E. A. (2007). Zoledronic Acid Inhibits Adjuvant Letrozole-Induced Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women With Early Breast Cancer. JCO 25: 829-836 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Nguyen, N. D., Eisman, J. A., Center, J. R., Nguyen, T. V. (2007). Risk Factors for Fracture in Nonosteoporotic Men and Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 955-962 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Center, J. R., Bliuc, D., Nguyen, T. V., Eisman, J. A. (2007). Risk of Subsequent Fracture After Low-Trauma Fracture in Men and Women. JAMA 297: 387-394 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Leslie, W. D., Tsang, J. F., Caetano, P. A., Lix, L. M., for the Manitoba Bone Density Program, (2007). Effectiveness of Bone Density Measurement for Predicting Osteoporotic Fractures in Clinical Practice. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 77-81 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Lems, W F (2007). Clinical relevance of vertebral fractures. Ann Rheum Dis 66: 2-4 [Full text]  
• Ward, K. A, Ashby, R. L, Roberts, S. A, Adams, J. E, Zulf Mughal, M (2007). UK reference data for the Hologic QDR Discovery dual-energy x ray absorptiometry scanner in healthy children and young adults aged 6-17 years. Arch. Dis. Child. 92: 53-59 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Lentle, B., Worsley, D. (2006). Osteoporosis Redux. JNM 47: 1945-1959 [Full text]  
• Raman, M., Aghdassi, E., Baun, M., Yeung, M., Fairholm, L., Saqui, O., Allard, J. P. (2006). Metabolic Bone Disease in Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition: A Canadian Study and Review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 30: 492-496 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Nickolas, T. L., McMahon, D. J., Shane, E. (2006). Relationship between Moderate to Severe Kidney Disease and Hip Fracture in the United States. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17: 3223-3232 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Guise, T. A. (2006). Bone Loss and Fracture Risk Associated with Cancer Therapy. The Oncologist 11: 1121-1131 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Winzenberg, T., Shaw, K., Fryer, J., Jones, G. (2006). Effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in healthy children: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 333: 775- [Abstract] [Full text]  
• van Staa, T.P., Geusens, P., Kanis, J.A., Leufkens, H.G.M., Gehlbach, S., Cooper, C. (2006). A simple clinical score for estimating the long-term risk of fracture in post-menopausal women. QJM 99: 673-682 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Thornton, J, Ashcroft, D M, Mughal, M Z, Elliott, R A, O'Neill, T W, Symmons, D (2006). Systematic review of effectiveness of bisphosphonates in treatment of low bone mineral density and fragility fractures in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arch. Dis. Child. 91: 753-761 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Kanna, B., Roffe, E. (2006). Prevention of hip fracture in elderly women with Alzheimer disease.. Arch Intern Med 166: 1144-1145 [Full text]  
• Bahamondes, L., Espejo-Arce, X., Hidalgo, M. M., Hidalgo-Regina, C., Teatin-Juliato, C., Petta, C. A. (2006). A cross-sectional study of the forearm bone density of long-term users of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Hum Reprod 21: 1316-1319 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Newton, J.L., Jones, D.E.J., Wilton, K., Pairman, J., Parry, S.W., Francis, R.M. (2006). Calcaneal bone mineral density in older patients who have fallen.. QJM 99: 231-236 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Thorpe, J A, Steel, S A (2006). The DXL Calscan heel densitometer: evaluation and diagnostic thresholds.. Br. J. Radiol. 79: 336-341 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Petryk, A., Bergemann, T. L., Polga, K. M., Ulrich, K. J., Raatz, S. K., Brown, D. M., Robison, L. L., Baker, K. S. (2006). Prospective Study of Changes in Bone Mineral Density and Turnover in Children after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 899-905 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Emaus, N., Berntsen, G. K. R., Joakimsen, R., Fonnebo, V. (2006). Longitudinal Changes in Forearm Bone Mineral Density in Women and Men Aged 45-84 Years: The Tromso Study, a Population-based Study. Am J Epidemiol 163: 441-449 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Pinheiro, M. M., Castro, C. M., Szejnfeld, V. L. (2006). Low femoral bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound are risk factors for new osteoporotic fracture and total and cardiovascular mortality: a 5-year population-based study of brazilian elderly women.. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 61: 196-203 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Bahamondes, L., Monteiro-Dantas, C., Espejo-Arce, X., dos Santos Fernandes, A. M., Lui-Filho, J. F., Perrotti, M., Petta, C. A. (2006). A prospective study of the forearm bone density of users of etonorgestrel- and levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive implants. Hum Reprod 21: 466-470 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Summey, B. T., Yosipovitch, G. (2006). Glucocorticoid-Induced Bone Loss in Dermatologic Patients: An Update. Arch Dermatol 142: 82-90 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Todhunter, C E, Sutherland-Craggs, A, Bartram, S A, Donaldson, P T, Daly, A K, Francis, R M, Mansfield, J C, Thompson, N P (2005). Influence of IL-6, COL1A1, and VDR gene polymorphisms on bone mineral density in Crohn's disease. Gut 54: 1579-1584 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Karlsson, M. K., Gerdhem, P., Ahlborg, H. G. (2005). The prevention of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87-B: 1320-1327 [Full text]  
• Emaus, N., Berntsen, G. K. R., Joakimsen, R. M., Fonnebo, V. (2005). Longitudinal Changes in Forearm Bone Mineral Density in Women and Men Aged 25-44 Years: The Tromso Study: A Population-based Study. Am J Epidemiol 162: 633-643 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Kaji, H., Yamauchi, M., Chihara, K., Sugimoto, T. (2005). The threshold of bone mineral density for vertebral fractures in female patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 153: 373-378 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Paschalis, E. P., Glass, E. V., Donley, D. W., Eriksen, E. F. (2005). Bone Mineral and Collagen Quality in Iliac Crest Biopsies of Patients Given Teriparatide: New Results from the Fracture Prevention Trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 4644-4649 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Fuleihan, G. E.-H., Salamoun, M., Mourad, Y. A., Chehal, A., Salem, Z., Mahfoud, Z., Shamseddine, A. (2005). Pamidronate in the Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Bone Loss in Premenopausal Women with Breast Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 3209-3214 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Cauley, J. A., Lui, L.-Y., Ensrud, K. E., Zmuda, J. M., Stone, K. L., Hochberg, M. C., Cummings, S. R. (2005). Bone Mineral Density and the Risk of Incident Nonspinal Fractures in Black and White Women. JAMA 293: 2102-2108 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Acheson, L. S. (2005). Bone Density and the Risk of Fractures: Should Treatment Thresholds Vary by Race?. JAMA 293: 2151-2154 [Full text]  
• Frisoli, A. Jr.,, Chaves, P. H. M., Pinheiro, M. M., Szejnfeld, V. L. (2005). The Effect of Nandrolone Decanoate on Bone Mineral Density, Muscle Mass, and Hemoglobin Levels in Elderly Women With Osteoporosis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 60: 648-653 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• STEPHEN, A. B., PYE, D., LYONS, A. R., ONI, J. A., DAVIS, T. R. C. (2005). Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA): Can it Detect Acute Scaphoid Fractures?. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 30: 83-84 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Brennan, B. M. D., Mughal, Z., Roberts, S. A., Ward, K., Shalet, S. M., Eden, T. O. B., Will, A. M., Stevens, R. F., Adams, J. E. (2005). Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Survivors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated without Cranial Irradiation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 689-694 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Scholes, D., LaCroix, A. Z., Ichikawa, L. E., Barlow, W. E., Ott, S. M. (2005). Change in Bone Mineral Density Among Adolescent Women Using and Discontinuing Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Contraception. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159: 139-144 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Summers, K. M, Brock, T. P. (2005). Impact of Pharmacist-Led Community Bone Mineral Density Screenings. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39: 243-248 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Scanlon, P. D., Connett, J. E., Wise, R. A., Tashkin, D. P., Madhok, T., Skeans, M., Carpenter, P. C., Bailey, W. C., Buist, A. S., Eichenhorn, M., Kanner, R. E., Weinmann, G., the Lung Health Study Research Group, (2004). Loss of Bone Density with Inhaled Triamcinolone in Lung Health Study II. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 170: 1302-1309 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Meyer, H. E., Berntsen, G. K. R., Sogaard, A. J., Langhammer, A., Schei, B., Fonnebo, V., Forsmo, S., Tell, G. S., the Norwegian Epidemiological Osteoporosis Studies, (2004). Higher Bone Mineral Density in Rural Compared with Urban Dwellers: The NOREPOS Study. Am J Epidemiol 160: 1039-1046 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Schellinger, D., Lin, C. S., Lim, J., Hatipoglu, H. G., Pezzullo, J. C., Singer, A. J. (2004). Bone Marrow Fat and Bone Mineral Density on Proton MR Spectroscopy and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry: Their Ratio as a New Indicator of Bone Weakening. Am. J. Roentgenol. 183: 1761-1765 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Ioannidis, J. P. A., Ralston, S. H., Bennett, S. T., Brandi, M. L., Grinberg, D., Karassa, F. B., Langdahl, B., van Meurs, J. B. J., Mosekilde, L., Scollen, S., Albagha, O. M. E., Bustamante, M., Carey, A. H., Dunning, A. M., Enjuanes, A., van Leeuwen, J. P. T. M., Mavilia, C., Masi, L., McGuigan, F. E. A., Nogues, X., Pols, H. A. P., Reid, D. M., Schuit, S. C. E., Sherlock, R. E., Uitterlinden, A. G., for the GENOMOS Study, (2004). Differential Genetic Effects of ESR1 Gene Polymorphisms on Osteoporosis Outcomes. JAMA 292: 2105-2114 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Tattersfield, A. E., Harrison, T. W., Hubbard, R. B., Mortimer, K. (2004). Safety of Inhaled Corticosteroids. Proc Am Thorac Soc 1: 171-175 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Cheung, A. M., Feightner, J. W. (2004). Seeking clarification of osteoporosis guidelines. CMAJ 171: 1022-1023 [Full text]  
• HEGEMAN, J. H., OSKAM, J., VAN DER PALEN, J., TEN DUIS, H. J., VIERHOUT, P. A. M. (2004). The Distal Radial Fracture in Elderly Women and the Bone Mineral Density of the Lumbar Spine and Hip. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 29: 473-476 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Lenchik, L., Rogers, L. F., Delmas, P. D., Genant, H. K. (2004). Diagnosis of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures: Importance of Recognition and Description by Radiologists. Am. J. Roentgenol. 183: 949-958 [Full text]  
• Sverrisdottir, A., Fornander, T., Jacobsson, H., von Schoultz, E., Rutqvist, L.E. (2004). Bone Mineral Density Among Premenopausal Women With Early Breast Cancer in a Randomized Trial of Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy. JCO 22: 3694-3699 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Jorgensen, L., Joakimsen, O., Rosvold Berntsen, G. K., Heuch, I., Jacobsen, B. K. (2004). Low Bone Mineral Density Is Related to Echogenic Carotid Artery Plaques: A Population-based Study. Am J Epidemiol 160: 549-556 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Porthouse, J., Birks, Y.F., Torgerson, D.J., Cockayne, S., Puffer, S., Watt, I. (2004). Risk factors for fracture in a UK population: a prospective cohort study. QJM 97: 569-574 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Lewiecki, E. M., Watts, N. B., McClung, M. R., Petak, S. M., Bachrach, L. K., Shepherd, J. A., Downs, R. W. Jr. (2004). Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89: 3651-3655 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Mazanec, D. (2004). Osteoporosis Screening: Time to Take Responsibility. Arch Intern Med 164: 1047-1048 [Full text]  
• Siris, E. S., Chen, Y.-T., Abbott, T. A., Barrett-Connor, E., Miller, P. D., Wehren, L. E., Berger, M. L. (2004). Bone Mineral Density Thresholds for Pharmacological Intervention to Prevent Fractures. Arch Intern Med 164: 1108-1112 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Miller, P. D., Barlas, S., Brenneman, S. K., Abbott, T. A., Chen, Y.-T., Barrett-Connor, E., Siris, E. S. (2004). An Approach to Identifying Osteopenic Women at Increased Short-term Risk of Fracture. Arch Intern Med 164: 1113-1120 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Schulte, C. M. S., Beelen, D. W. (2004). Bone loss following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a long-term follow-up. Blood 103: 3635-3643 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Gourlay, M. L., Brown, S. A. (2004). Clinical Considerations in Premenopausal Osteoporosis. Arch Intern Med 164: 603-614 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• McGarry, K. A., Cyr, M. G. (2004). Principles of Diagnosing and Managing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis for the Podiatric Physician. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. 94: 187-193 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Werning, J. W., Downey, N. M., Brinker, R. A., Khuder, S. A., Davis, W. J., Rubin, A. M., Elsamaloty, H. M. (2004). The Impact of Osteoporosis on Patients With Maxillofacial Trauma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130: 353-356 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Gnudi, S, Malavolta, N, Testi, D, Viceconti, M (2004). Differences in proximal femur geometry distinguish vertebral from femoral neck fractures in osteoporotic women. Br. J. Radiol. 77: 219-223 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Jones, I. E., Williams, S. M., Goulding, A. (2004). Associations of Birth Weight and Length, Childhood Size, and Smoking with Bone Fractures during Growth: Evidence from a Birth Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 159: 343-350 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Francis, R.M., Baillie, S.P., Chuck, A.J., Crook, P.R., Dunn, N., Fordham, J.N., Kelly, C., Rodgers, A. (2004). Acute and long-term management of patients with vertebral fractures. QJM 97: 63-74 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Orstavik, R E, Haugeberg, G, Uhlig, T, Mowinckel, P, Falch, J A, Halse, J I, Kvien, T K (2004). Self reported non-vertebral fractures in rheumatoid arthritis and population based controls: incidence and relationship with bone mineral density and clinical variables. Ann Rheum Dis 63: 177-182 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Caulton, J M, Ward, K A, Alsop, C W, Dunn, G, Adams, J E, Mughal, M Z (2004). A randomised controlled trial of standing programme on bone mineral density in non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy. Arch. Dis. Child. 89: 131-135 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Stevenson, M. D., Oakley, J., Chilcott, J. B. (2004). Gaussian Process Modeling in Conjunction with Individual Patient Simulation Modeling: A Case Study Describing the Calculation of Cost-Effectiveness Ratios for the Treatment of Established Osteoporosis. Med Decis Making 24: 89-100 [Abstract]  
• Brown, S. A., Sharpless, J. L. (2004). Osteoporosis: An Under-appreciated Complication of Diabetes. Clin. Diabetes 22: 10-20 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Aris, R. M., Lester, G. E., Caminiti, M., Blackwood, A. D., Hensler, M., Lark, R. K., Hecker, T. M., Renner, J. B., Guillen, U., Brown, S. A., Neuringer, I. P., Chalermskulrat, W., Ontjes, D. A. (2004). Efficacy of Alendronate in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis with Low Bone Density. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169: 77-82 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Knoke, J. D., Barrett-Connor, E. (2003). Weight Loss: A Determinant of Hip Bone Loss in Older Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Epidemiol 158: 1132-1138 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Ionescu, A.A., Schoon, E. (2003). Osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 22: 64S-75s [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Haentjens, P., Autier, P., Collins, J., Velkeniers, B., Vanderschueren, D., Boonen, S. (2003). Colles Fracture, Spine Fracture, and Subsequent Risk of Hip Fracture in Men and Women: A Meta-Analysis. JBJS 85: 1936-1943 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Rao, R. D., Singrakhia, M. D. (2003). Painful Osteoporotic Vertebral Fracture: Pathogenesis, Evaluation, and Roles of Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty in Its Management. JBJS 85: 2010-2022 [Full text]  
• Kayan, K, de Takats, D, Ashford, R, Kanis, J A, McCloskey, E V (2003). Performance of clinical referral criteria for bone densitometry in patients under 65 years of age assessed by spine bone mineral density. Postgrad. Med. J. 79: 581-584 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Lentle, B. C., Prior, J. C. (2003). Osteoporosis: What a Clinician Expects to Learn from a Patient's Bone Density Examination. Radiology 228: 620-628 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Harden, C. L. (2003). Menopause and bone density issues for women with epilepsy. Neurology 61: S16-22 [Abstract] [Full text]