BMJ  2005;330:63 (8 January), doi:10.1136/bmj.38302.504063.8F (published 13 December 2004)

Paper

Risk of ischaemic stroke in people with migraine: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

¹ Divisions of Epidemiology, Royal Victoria and Vancouver Hospitals, Canada, ² Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, ³ Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

Abstract

Objective To explore the association between migraine and risk of ischaemic stroke.

Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources Observational studies published between 1966 and June 2004 (identified through Medline and Embase) that examined the association between migraine and risk of ischaemic stroke.

Results 14 studies (11 case-control studies and 3 cohort studies) were identified. These studies suggest that the risk of stroke is increased in people with migraine (relative risk 2.16, 95% confidence interval 1.89 to 2.48). This increase in risk was consistent in people who had migraine with aura (relative risk 2.88, 1.89 to 4.39) and migraine without aura (relative risk 1.56, 1.03 to 2.36), as well as in those taking oral contraceptives (relative risk 8.72, 5.05 to 15.05).

Conclusions Data from observational studies suggest that migraine may be a risk factor in developing stroke. More studies are needed to explore the mechanism of this potential association. In addition, the risk of migraine among users of oral contraceptives must be further investigated.

Introduction

Migraine is the most common type of headache in young adults, with an estimated prevalence of 4% before puberty and as high as 25% in women by their mid to late 30s.¹ Some observational studies have shown an increase in the risk of stroke among people with a history of migraine,² but others have failed to find this association.³ The mechanism of this potential association is believed to be in part through platelet hyperaggregability and the reduction in cerebral blood flow that usually occurs in migraine with aura.⁴ A potential association between the risk of stroke and migraine is an important public health concern, especially in young women who use oral contraceptives, which by itself may be an independent risk factor for stroke.⁵

We explored the association between migraine and ischaemic stroke by conducting a meta-analysis. We set out to quantify the risk of ischaemic stroke among people with migraine (with and without aura), as well as to quantify this risk among different age groups and users of oral contraceptives.

Methods

Search strategy
We systematically searched Medline and Embase (inception until June 2004) for both English and non-English language articles (see bmj.com).

Data extraction
We included studies if they used clear diagnostic criteria for migraine; had clearly stated diagnostic criteria for the outcome of ischaemic stroke; had controlled for potential confounders by using risk adjustment; and provided odds ratios or relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. The studies had to provide data for migraine patients who were exposed to oral contraceptives compared with those who were not taking these agents. We also scored the quality of the studies by using a 10 point scale adapted from a recently published quality scale for observational studies (five criteria ranked 0, 1, or 2) and stratified the studies by score (a score of 7 or above indicates high quality; a score of 6 or below indicates low quality).⁶

Results

Our search resulted in 11 case-control studies,^{2 3 7-15} three cohort studies,^16-18 and one cross sectional study¹⁹ (table 1). We excluded the cross sectional study from the analysis, as the timing of diagnosis of migraine with respect to development of ischaemic stroke was difficult to infer in this study. In total, we included 14 studies in the meta-analysis.^{2 3 7-18} Eight studies provided data on the risk of ischaemic stroke and migraine with and without aura.^{2 3 8-10 13-15} The age of the participants in the included studies ranged from 15 to 84 years. The incidence of stroke among people with migraine in the three cohort studies ranged from 3.56 to 350 cases per 100 000 person years.^16-18

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1 Relative risks of ischaemic stroke according to type of migraine

 

The pooled relative risk for ischaemic stroke among patients with any type of migraine headache was 2.16 (95% confidence interval 1.89 to 2.48) (table 2). This risk did not differ when we stratified our analysis by age (table 2). Users of oral contraceptives had an approximately eightfold increase in the risk of stroke compared with those not using these agents.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 2 Pooled relative risks of ischaemic stroke stratified by migraine type, oral contraceptive use, and age

 

We did not find evidence of publication bias either graphically from the funnel plot (see bmj.com) or quantitatively (P = 0.685 for Egger's test of asymmetry).

Discussion

The results of our study strongly suggest that migraine may be an independent risk factor for stroke. The magnitude of this risk remained the same across all studies (case-control and cohort) as well as in those that provided data on migraine with aura, migraine without aura, and oral contraceptive users. The risk of stroke among oral contraceptive users is high, although these data come from only three studies. Other studies in women who were users of oral contraceptives have shown that those with a history of migraine have twice the likelihood of developing an ischaemic stroke compared with those without migraine (relative risk 2.15, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 5.45).²⁰ Given that use of oral contraceptives is prevalent among young women, the potential risk of stroke among women with migraine who are also users of oral contraceptives must be further investigated.

Limitations
The study is subject to several limitations. Firstly, most of the studies in the meta-analysis were case-control studies, which are subject to recall bias. Cases may have been more likely to classify their headache as a migraine headache (as opposed to a tension headache). Secondly, although almost all the studies controlled for appropriate confounders in either the design or the analysis, some important confounders may not have been controlled for. For example, use of antihypertensive drugs may be a potential confounder, as these drugs may be used to prevent migraine attacks as well as future strokes. However, use of these drugs among people with migraine would probably have produced a decrease in the risk of stroke, which was not seen in our study. Antiphospholipid antibodies have been thought to be linked to stroke and possibly to migraine.²¹ None of the studies included in the meta-analysis provided information on this potential confounder. People who have migraine attacks might be less likely to be diagnosed as having a stroke, as the symptoms of migraine may be confused with those of stroke. Although this remains a possibility, many of the studies included in the meta-analysis used strict criteria to define ischaemic stroke, including duration of symptoms of at least 24 hours, as well as confirmation of diagnosis by brain imaging or autopsy. Finally, we could not infer from the studies a temporal relation between the onset of migraine and the diagnosis of stroke.

What is already known on this topic Studies have suggested that migraine may be a risk factor for stroke, but results from these studies have been inconsistent What this study adds Migraine both with and without aura may be an independent risk factor for ischaemic stroke This risk is higher among oral contraceptive users and younger adults (< 45 years)

Conclusion
Data from observational studies suggest that migraine may be a risk factor in developing stroke. More studies are needed to explore the mechanism of this potential association. The risk of migraine among users of oral contraceptives must be further investigated.

---

This is the abridged version of an article that was first posted on bmj.com on 20 December 2004: http://bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.38302.504063.8F

Contributors: See bmj.com

Funding: No specific funding. ME is funded by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research postdoctoral fellowship award. AS is supported by the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Veterans Affairs through the Parkinson Disease Research Education and Clinical Center grant.

Competing interests: None declared.

Ethical approval: Not needed.

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(Accepted 9 November 2004)

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