BMJ  2003;327:774-778 (4 October), doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7418.774

Paper

Hysterectomy and sexual wellbeing: prospective observational study of vaginal hysterectomy, subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, and total abdominal hysterectomy

¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands, ² Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Netherlands

Abstract

Objectives To compare the effects of vaginal hysterectomy, subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, and total abdominal hysterectomy on sexual wellbeing.

Design Prospective observational study over six months.

Setting 13 teaching and non-teaching hospitals in the Netherlands.

Participants 413 women who underwent hysterectomy for benign disease other than symptomatic prolapse of the uterus and endometriosis.

Main outcome measures Reported sexual pleasure, sexual activity, and bothersome sexual problems.

Results Sexual pleasure significantly improved in all patients, independent of the type of hysterectomy. The prevalence of one or more bothersome sexual problems six months after vaginal hysterectomy, subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, and total abdominal hysterectomy was 43% (38/89), 41% (31/76), and 39% (57/145), respectively (² test, P = 0.88).

Conclusion Sexual pleasure improves after vaginal hysterectomy, subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, and total abdominal hysterectomy. The persistence and development of bothersome problems during sexual activity were similar for all three techniques.

Introduction

Hysterectomy is the most common major gynaecological operation in the United Kingdom and United States.^{1 2} In the Netherlands, 32% of women will need hysterectomy during their lifetime.³ Historically the uterus has been regarded as the regulator and controller of important physiological functions, a sexual organ, a source of energy and vitality, and a maintainer of youth and attractiveness.⁴ Women are concerned that hysterectomy may affect their sexual wellbeing or their sexual attractiveness. Hysterectomy has been reported as having adverse as well as beneficial effects on sexual wellbeing.^5-10

Because hysterectomy disrupts the local nerve supply and anatomical relations of the pelvic organs, it has been thought that the function of these organs may be adversely affected. The idea that sexual wellbeing may differ according to type of hysterectomy is based on the hypothesis that the techniques damage the innervation and supportive structures of the pelvic floor differently. To what extent symptoms differ between total and subtotal hysterectomy has not been investigated.

If vaginal and abdominal removal of the uterus are both technically feasible, gynaecologists generally select vaginal hysterectomy because of reduced length of hospital stay, fewer complications, and reduced costs.^11-13 We compared the effects of vaginal hysterectomy, subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, and total abdominal hysterectomy on sexual wellbeing.

Participants and methods

We recruited consecutive women who had been offered hysterectomy for a benign indication between January 1999 and July 2000. Exclusion criteria were endometriosis and symptomatic prolapse of the uterus as indications for hysterectomy.

Our prospective observational study took place in 13 teaching and non-teaching hospitals in the Netherlands over six months. Gynaecologists were free to choose a surgical hysterectomy technique. Perioperative treatment was similar in all participating hospitals.

Objectives and outcome measures
We compared the effects of different hysterectomy techniques on sexual wellbeing. All patients completed a questionnaire for screening sexual dysfunctions before hysterectomy and six months after surgery.^{14 15}

The questionnaire comprised 36 questions, which assessed the presence, frequency (measured with a five point Likert scale ranging from hardly ever to always), and experienced discomfort of sexual dysfunctions (measured with a five point Likert scale ranging from not at all to severely). The first 16 questions concerned the general perception of the patient's own sexuality and frequency of sexual activity. The next 18 questions concerned different types of problems during sexual activity. Questions were selected from this part of the questionnaire to identify patients with bothersome problems with lubrication, orgasm, pain or sensation in the genitals, and arousal (see table on bmj.com). We regarded symptoms to be bothersome when scored as "I am bothered," "I am much bothered," or "I am severely bothered." We regarded symptoms not to be bothersome when scored as "slightly bothered" or when the symptom was not present. The last two questions of the questionnaire concerned general satisfaction about sexuality (score 0 to 10). A higher score indicated more satisfaction.

Potential confounders
Data were collected on the maximum diameter of the uterus as assessed by ultrasonography, comorbidities (requiring drugs for diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or rheumatoid arthritis), duration of the operation, estimated blood loss, size of prolapse of the uterus in centimetres above the hymen (expressed as a negative number) or below the hymen (expressed as a positive number) as measured when pulling down the uterus under anaesthesia, simultaneously performed surgical procedures, complications due to surgery, and duration of hospital stay.

Analysis
We compared the number of patients who were sexually active, the reported frequency of intercourse, and the general satisfaction with sexuality both before and six months after surgery. The main analysis concerned only patients who were sexually active both before and after hysterectomy, and their characteristics were compared between surgical techniques. Comparisons were made between all pairs (three comparisons).

Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals when the prevalence of persistent or newly developed symptoms differed by more than 10% between two groups. The odds ratios were adjusted for differences in other determinants of sexual wellbeing in multivariable logistic regression analysis. These included age, number of children, body mass index, size of uterus, prolapse of uterus, indication for hysterectomy, use of antidepressants, comorbidity, and duration of relationship with partner.

Results

Overall, 413 of 477 patients agreed to take part in our study. Of the 379 participating patients who had a male partner, 352 (93%) responded six months after surgery. Responders and non-responders had similar characteristics.

Sexual activity both before and after surgery did not differ between groups (table 1). In addition, of the patients who were sexually active, the frequency of intercourse was similar both before and after hysterectomy for all three techniques. The general satisfaction about sexuality improved after all techniques.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1 Sexual activity and reported general satisfaction about sexuality in 352 women before and after hysterectomy, according to type of surgery. Values are numbers (percentages) of patients unless stated otherwise

 

Of the 352 patients who responded, 310 reported being sexually active both before and after surgery: 89 (29%) underwent vaginal hysterectomy, 76 (25%) underwent subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, and 145 (47%) underwent abdominal hysterectomy. Ten patients who had been sexually active before surgery were no longer sexually active six months after surgery. Of the 32 patients who were not sexually active before hysterectomy, 17 (53%) became sexually active after surgery. We found no statistically significant differences among the surgical techniques for those patients who remained or became sexually active. Statistically significant differences among the groups were observed for maximum diameter of the uterus, prolapse of the uterus, indication for hysterectomy, and comorbidity (see bmj.com). The groups had a similar frequency of bothersome sexual problems before hysterectomy. Overall, after surgery there was a reduction in all sexual problems reported before hysterectomy; we found no statistically significant differences between the groups (table 2).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 2 Women's reported bothersome sexual problems that persisted or developed six months after hysterectomy, according to type of surgery. Values are numbers (percentages) of women unless stated otherwise

 

Compared with patients who had undergone vaginal hysterectomy those who had undergone total or subtotal abdominal hysterectomy had an increased, but not statistically significant, prevalence of persisting problems with lubrication (total, adjusted odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 3.6; subtotal 2.3, 0.4 to 11.9) and persisting problems with arousal (total, 1.2, 0.6 to 2.5; subtotal, 2.1, 0.5 to 8.6). Problems with sensation in the genitals more often persisted after total or subtotal abdominal hysterectomy than after vaginal hysterectomy. The number of patients who reported bothersome problems with sensation in the genitals before hysterectomy was too low to allow multivariate analysis.

Of the 173 patients who reported one or more bothersome sexual problems before hysterectomy, the problems were still reported by 29 (59%) after vaginal hysterectomy, 23 (54%) after subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, and 45 (56%) after total abdominal hysterectomy. New sexual problems developed in 9 (23%) patients after vaginal hysterectomy, 8 (24%) patients after subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, and 12 (19%) patients after total abdominal hysterectomy.

Discussion

Sexual wellbeing improves after vaginal hysterectomy, subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, and total abdominal hysterectomy. The type of technique does not seem to determine the persistence or development of bothersome problems during sexual activity.

What is already known on this topic Hysterectomy is the most common major gynaecological operation Women are concerned that hysterectomy will affect their sexual attractiveness Effects on sexual wellbeing may depend on the surgical technique What this study adds Sexual pleasure improves after hysterectomy Sexual problems before surgery are less common after surgery De novo sexual problems after hysterectomy are scarce Sexual wellbeing does not depend on the surgical technique

Our study has several limitations. Firstly, the size of our study population may have been too small to detect slight differences. Although we obtained the required number of patients according to the power calculation, we question whether differences that are not observed in a sample size of 413 patients have any clinical relevance. Secondly, the patients were not randomised according to type of hysterectomy. Therefore, our results may have been confounded by baseline differences in factors that influence sexual wellbeing. We therefore prospectively documented potential confounders, and we used logistic regression analysis to adjust for these. Ideally, we would have performed a randomised controlled trial, but too few gynaecologists were willing to participate. The gynaecologist's decision to perform a surgical technique depends on personal preference and technical skills. The indication for hysterectomy also plays a part. Patients with unexplained abdominal pain are more likely to undergo abdominal surgery. However, there is considerable overlap between indications and operation techniques. It is therefore possible to adjust for prognostic differences between the groups.

Our study is the first to focus on sexual problems that are experienced as bothersome. We know of no studies that compare the effects of vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy on sexuality. In our study we observed no statistically significant differences in the persistence or development of bothersome sexual problems. A trend was observed towards a higher prevalence of persisting problems with lubrication and arousal after subtotal or total abdominal hysterectomy. This needs to be confirmed in a larger study.

---

This is an abridged version; the full version is on bmj.com

Members of the study group and selected questions from the questionnaire appear on bmj.com

Contributors: See bmj.com

Funding: None.

Competing interests: None declared.

Ethical approval: This study was approved by all local ethical committees.

References

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3. Hoogendoorn D. The odds on hysterectomy and estimation of the number of cancer deaths prevented by hysterectomies in their current incidence. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1984;128(41): 1937-40.[Medline]
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(Accepted July 18, 2003)

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