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Randomised study of long term outcome after epidural versus non-epidural analgesia during labour

Charlotte J Howell, consultant anaesthetist ^a, Tracy Dean, research physiotherapist ^b, Linda Lucking, research coordinator ^a, Krysia Dziedzic, clinical trialist, physiotherapy ^c, Peter W Jones, professor of medical statistics ^d, Richard B Johanson, professor of obstetrics ^a. 

^a Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, North Staffordshire Hospital (NHS) Trust, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 6QG, ^b Physiotherapy Department, Staffordshire Rheumatology Centre, Haywood Hospital, Burslem, Stoke on Trent, ^c Department of Physiotherapy Studies and Primary Care Sciences Research Centre, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ^d Department of Mathematics, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG

Correspondence to: C J Howell charlotte{at}kogs.freeserve.co.uk

	Abstract

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Objective: To determine whether epidural analgesia during labour is associated with long term backache.
Design: Follow up after randomised controlled trial. Analysis by intention to treat.
Setting: Department of obstetrics and gynaecology at one NHS trust.
Participants: 369 women: 184 randomised to epidural group (treatment as allocated received by 123) and 185 randomised to non-epidural group (treatment as allocated received by 133). In the follow up study 151 women were from the epidural group and 155 from the non-epidural group.
Main outcome measures: Self reported low back pain, disability, and limitation of movement assessed through one to one interviews with physiotherapist, questionnaire on back pain and disability, physical measurements of spinal mobility.
Results: There were no significant differences between groups in demographic details or other key characteristics. The mean time interval from delivery to interview was 26 months. There were no significant differences in the onset or duration of low back pain, with nearly a third of women in each group reporting pain in the week before interview. There were no differences in self reported measures of disability in activities of daily living and no significant differences in measurements of spinal mobility.
Conclusions: After childbirth there are no differences in the incidence of long term low back pain, disability, or movement restriction between women who receive epidural pain relief and women who receive other forms of pain relief.

What is already known on this topic Previous research has suggested an association between epidural analgesia during labour and low back pain It is not known whether this association is causal What this study adds This long term follow up study found no evidence of a causal link between epidural analgesia during labour and low back pain

	Introduction

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Epidural analgesia in labour is used by about 100 000 women in Britain each year.¹ However, not much is known on long term effects of this form of pain relief, and before this study anecdotal reports or case series had concentrated on more severe side effects, such as extremely rare neurological complications.² There have been several studies into back pain and epidural analgesia which have produced inconsistent results (details available on bmj.com).

Given the great human, medical, and economic costs of chronic low back pain³ we considered that a prospective controlled study with objective assessment of long term outcome was urgently needed. We had already undertaken a randomised controlled trial of epidural and non-epidural analgesia in labour, in which we examined the immediate effects of the different forms of analgesia on progress of labour, satisfaction, and health after childbirth.⁴ We used the same general health questionnaire as MacArthur et al,⁵ which incorporated questions on low back pain. However, this did not allow an objective assessment of any back pain in terms of severity or the interference with mobility and activities of daily living.

We investigated long term differences in self reported and objective measures of low back pain between women who received epidural pain relief and those who received other forms of pain relief during labour.

	Methods

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Participants
For the original pain relief study we had recruited 369 primigravidas with a cephalic presentation at term. All these women were invited to participate in this follow up study (151 from the epidural group and 155 from the non-epidural group agreed to participate). In the original study 184 women were randomised to receive an epidural and 123 received it, and 185 were randomised to other methods of pain relief but 52 had an epidural (figure).

View larger version (49K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Flow chart showing entry into follow up study

Procedures
Assessment of low back pain is complex as it involves the patient's personal and subjective experience of pain and disability as well as objective assessment of physical impairment.³ We used the Roland and Morris questionnaire, which has been validated for assessing disability in activities of daily living due to low back pain.⁶

We chose objective physical measurements that had previously been shown to identify those patients with low back pain and that were significantly associated with self reported disability in activities of daily living.⁷ We contacted women who had taken part in the pain relief study and had given birth over 12 months previously. When a woman did not want to participate in a face-to-face interview we used a telephone interview or a postal questionnaire.

	Results

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Table 1 shows basic data for the two groups. These data reflect the validity of the original randomisation. The mean time since delivery of the index pregnancy was over two years in both groups.

The incidence of self reported low back pain during or after pregnancy was high (table 2). There were no significant differences in terms of the timing of onset. Back pain was common in both groups and more women reported severe pain in the epidural group, but pain lasting more than one year, persistent pain, and recent pain were all more common among women who had not had an epidural.

We measured a range of movements in 117 of 119 women in the epidural group who were interviewed and 117 of 122 in the non-epidural group. There were no significant differences between the groups in any of the measurements of mobility. There were also no differences in responses to questions about everyday tasks that may be more difficult in the presence of low back pain.

	Discussion

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In this controlled comparison of the long term effects of epidural and non-epidural analgesia we found no significant differences in self reported low back pain or disability and in objective measurements of spinal mobility after more than two years. The validity of these findings is affirmed by the randomised study design, the objective measures of outcome, and the high follow up rate.

Limitations
The interpretation of our findings is limited by the number of crossovers between groups. This is inevitable in trials that compare epidural and non-epidural pain relief⁸ but was lower in our study than in others. This study could therefore be considered as showing the differences between liberal and restricted use of epidural analgesia in labour. The absolute difference in epidural use was 40%. Despite the real life crossover between groups we found a significant association between use of epidural analgesia and the rate of assisted delivery, being 30% compared with 19% in the non-epidural group.⁴ If an increased incidence of low back pain was also attributable to the use of epidurals, it too could have been shown despite the crossover.

Our analysis was on an intention to treat basis for valid scientific reasons⁹ and also because this is the standpoint from which women will approach labour. They may be intending to use particular forms of analgesia, but in the real world some women may find non-epidural methods insufficient or may be managing so well that they do not use the epidural that they planned. The findings are also limited by the moderate numbers of women included, meaning that rare events of harm could not have been reliably detected.

Previous studies
MacArthur and coworkers reviewed six comparative studies that examined the association between epidural analgesia and postpartum low back pain.¹⁰ The three studies that showed a significant effect were all retrospective, while the prospective surveys showed no significant differences. ^{11 12} This important difference in findings illustrates the potential for bias in retrospective studies and similarly supports the value of carefully designed prospective studies, even if it is not feasible to generate a randomised cohort of patients.

Back pain in pregnancy
We found that reported rates of low back pain were high during pregnancy and at long term follow up in both groups of women. The proportions were similar to those observed by Ostgaard and Andersson in their prospective study of 817 women during pregnancy who were followed up for 12 months or more after delivery.¹³ They found that more than 67% of women experienced low back pain directly after delivery and 37% at the later follow up examination. Factors associated with persistent pain were the presence of low back pain before or during pregnancy, physically heavy work, and multiple pregnancy. This figure is somewhat higher than the overall prevalence of low back pain in women in developed countries.¹⁰ It is also significantly higher than the prevalence found in men, which supports the view that pregnancy may influence the development (or course) of low back pain.^13-15

	Acknowledgments

This paper is dedicated to Richard Johanson, who died a few months before publication. Dr G Waddell gave advice on methodology. We are grateful to all the women who participated.

Contributors: See bmj.com

	Footnotes

Funding: National Back Pain Association. RJ, KD, and LL's clinical trials activities were supported by grants from the NHS(E) West Midlands research and development programme.

Competing interests: None declared.

The full version of this article appears on bmj.com

	References

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(Accepted 21 March 2002)