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Vaccine Timeline

430 BC General Thucydides notes the appearance of natural immunity in victims of a plague that sweeps through Athens. "No one was ever attacked a second time," he notes in his history of the Peloponnesian wars

Circa 1000 AD First records of Chinese variolation--the inoculation of a patient with material squeezed from the pustules of a sufferer of mild smallpox

1721 After observing variolation performed abroad, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of the British Ambassador to Turkey, has first variolation in England performed on her 3 year old daughter

1796 Edward Jenner uses viruses derived from a cow to vaccinate a child against smallpox

1881 Louis Pasteur, Emile Roux, and Charles Chamberland publicly immunise sheep, cows, and a goat against anthrax

1884 Jaime Ferrán inoculated tens of thousands of people against Vibrio cholerae with a live, weakened vaccine in Spain. The effectiveness of the vaccine was later questioned

1885 Louis Pasteur vaccinates 9 year old Joseph Meister against rabies

1896 Richard Pfeiffer and Almoth Wright independently prepare heat inactivated vaccine against typhoid bacilli

1921 Camille Calmette and Alphonse Guérin administer an attenuated bacterial vaccine against tuberculosis orally to a newborn infant

1955 Salk inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine proves effective

1960 Sabin oral vaccine for poliomyelitis approved in United States

1971 Live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine licensed

1977 Ali Maow Maalin in Somalia becomes last person to be infected with wild smallpox. He survives1981 Recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine licensed

1981 Recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine licensed

1989 Haemophilus influenzae conjugate vaccine licensed

1991 First trial for live oral attenuated Salmonella typhi vector vaccine26 October

1995 First trial for DNA vaccines for HIV

1995 First results published from birdpox vector trial for HIV

1997 Adjuvant MF59 licensed

1998 Nasally delivered influenza vaccine completes clinical trials

1998 Transgenic potato vaccines shown to be immunogenic in humans

1999 Delivery of vaccine via skin patch enters clinical trials

1999 Vaccines to counter hay fever allergies enter clinical trials

1999 Vaccines for hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV, and human papillomavirus in trials

1999 Vaccine for hypercholesterolaemia enters clinical trials

2001? Attenuated toxins such as LTK63, a heat labile toxin of Escherichia coli, are used as nasal adjuvants in clinical trials

2001? Catalytic antibodies for passive immunity to cocaine start trials

2003? Alphavirus vectors for HIV and hepatitis C virus enter clinical trials

2004? Vaccines to dampen response of autoimmune disease enter clinical trials
 
 
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