Factors associated with risk of anxiety and depressive disorders in studies included in systematic review

Study Negative association Positive association No association Population based sample: Hussain et al 2000w7 Higher level of education Women; unemployment; widowed, separated, or divorced; 4 children; loss of a child or father during childhood; marked independent chronic difficulties (housing, financial, health) Mumford et al 1996w13 Higher level of education, higher socioeconomic status Life events, joint or nuclear family Mumford et al 1997w14 General wealth factor, higher level of education in younger men and women Age, women living in unitary households Mumford et al 2000w15 Higher level of education especially in young women, higher socioeconomic variables in women Age, women living in joint households, Rabbani et al 2000w18 Husband employed Older women, longer duration of marriage, arguments with husband or in-laws, lack of autonomy Disturbing event in family (P=0.08) Primary care sample: Ali et al 1993w1 Women, housewives Income (P=0.06) Ali et al 2000w2 Higher level of education Women, young adults and late middle age group, married Dodani et al 2000w4 Higher level of education More than 12 members in a single household Marriage Secondary and tertiary care sample: Bender 2001w3 Social problems, relational problems with in-laws compared with other social problems Case-control study: Naeem 1992w16 Absence of confiding relationship with husband Loss of mother before age 11, 3 children under age of 14 at home, lack of paid employment Qualitative study: Rabbani 1999w17 Social support from talking with husband, health care provider, friends, or religious leaders Perceived factors: low family income, marital disputes, verbal abuse by in-laws, too many children