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BMJ No 7110 Volume 315

This week in brief Saturday 20 September 1997


Paying patients improves compliance with treatment
Growth hormone treatment is not as effective as has been thought
The old risk factors are still best for predicting death and coronary disease
Incidence of insulin dependent diabetes is rising sharply in children aged under 5
Increase in hay fever and eczema is not explained by changes in perinatal factors
Should we screen for gestational diabetes?

Paying patients improves compliance with treatment

Non-compliance with medical treatment is a widespread problem that may increase costs by making an illness more difficult and expensive to treat in future. Giuffrida and Torgerson's systematic review of the use of financial incentives to improve treatment compliance identified 11 randomised trials, all carried out in the United States (p 703). Ten trials showed that financial payments improved compliance. The use of financial incentives may be relatively cost effective in such areas as the treatment of tuberculosis.


Growth hormone treatment is not as effective as has been thought

Knowledge about the long term results of growth hormone in children of short stature is limited. Coste et al (p 708) conducted a register based cohort study of all children of short stature whose treatment started in France between 1973 and 1989. The outcome for those with growth hormone deficiency who were treated with growth hormone was less favourable than initially assumed. Treatment did not restore the genetic growth potential and thus should not be considered as a panacea for children of short stature.


The old risk factors are still best for predicting death and coronary disease

The Scottish heart health study began in 1984, when Scotland was in the premier league for death from coronary heart disease in both men and women. It measured lifestyle and risk factor status for representative samples of men and women. The investigators always intended to see how well older and new factors compared in predicting coronary risk; after eight years' follow up of over 11 000 participants they report on 27 risk factors and how they relate to major coronary events, deaths from coronary heart disease, and all deaths (p 722). While many of the results are predictable, there were surprises, including a paradoxical result for type A behaviour in women (it protects against coronary disease), and a strong beneficial effect of potassium consumption on mortality in both sexes. Smoking, blood pressure, and fibrinogen were strong predictors of coronary disease and death; other risk factors such as lipids were less consistent.


Incidence of insulin dependent diabetes is rising sharply in children aged under 5

The incidence of childhood diabetes has risen over the past 30 years. Gardner et al (p 713) report on a prospective survey of children aged under 15 presenting with insulin dependent diabetes in the Oxford region during 1985-95, which found an overall increase in incidence of 4% per year. Most of this increase was in children aged under 5, in whom the incidence rose by 11% a year and doubled over the course of the study. The increase is probably due to as yet unknown environmental factors encountered in utero or in early postnatal life. Early diabetes has a greater impact on patients and their family, and a worse prognosis.


Increase in hay fever and eczema is not explained by changes in perinatal factors

The prevalence of childhood eczema and hay fever is increasing in many countries. On p 717 Butland et al report results from two cohort studies of British children born in 1958 and 1970 and followed up in 1974 and 1986 respectively. A nearly twofold increase in the prevalence of reported hay fever and eczema at age 16 between cohorts was not explained by changing patterns of birth weight, maternal age, father's social class, birth order, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and breast feeding. But the association of prevalence of hay fever with parental social class seemed stronger in the 1958 cohort. Factors that were once strongly associated with socioeconomic class may underlie this increase.


Should we screen for gestational diabetes?

In this week's controversy (p 736) R J Jarrett argues that the concept of gestational diabetes is muddled and there is little point in screening for it. The maternal glucose values that define gestational diabetes also include non-insulin dependent diabetes, and there is, he says, no evidence that gestational diabetes is associated with adverse outcomes in pregnancy. Screening may identify diabetes early, but the benefits of this are unclear and uncosted. Soares et al, however, urge screening because it detects women at risk of future non-insulin diabetes and enables early treatment to prevent complications.


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